PARTS OF SPEECH

Noun

 A noun is a word that identifies a person, animal, place, thing, or idea. Everything we can see or talk about is represented by a word that names it. That "naming" word is called a noun. Often a noun will be the name for something we can touch (e.g., cake, computer), but sometimes a noun will be the name for something we cannot touch (e.g., bravery, mile, joy). Everything represented by a word that lets us talk about it. this includes people (e.g., man, scientist), animals (e.g., dog, lizard), places (e.g., town, street), bojects (e.g., vase, pencil), substances (e.g., copper, glass), qualities (e.g., heroism, sorrow), actions (e.g., swimming, dancing), and measures (e.g., inch, ounce).

Classifications of nouns

countable and uncountable noun

anything that can be counted, whether singular-a dog, a house, a friend, etc. or plural- a few books, lots of oranges, etc. is a countable noun. anything that cannot be counted is an uncountable noun.

Example countable noun :

• The children fell asleep quickly after a busy day of fun.
• The parade included fire trucks and police cars.

Example uncountable noun :

• Be careful! the water is deep.
• My mother uses real butter in the cakes she bakes.

Proper and common noun

Proper nouns are the names of people or places that are capitalized ( Jakarta, Mohammad Hatta, etc.). Common nouns are names that do not require capitalization (book, house, school, etc).

Example proper noun :

• Let's go to Jakarta.
• Our first vice-president, Mohammad Hatta.

Example common noun :

• You broke my book.
• They're all waiting for us at the school.

Collective noun

Collective nouns are words for single things that are made up of more than one person, animal, place, thing, of idea. Words like group, herd, and array.

Example collective noun :

• The rock group has been on tour for months.
• The herd of bison ran across the prairie, leaving a massive dust cloud in this wake.

Abstract and concrete noun

Abstract noun is a noun that can not be observed by the senses ( love, romance). In contrast, concrete noun can be observed by the senses ( book, hospital).

Example abstract noun and concrete noun :

• Love isa kind of irresistible desire, it's hard to define.
• After i visited the hospital, i got some idea.

Verb

A verb is a word that describes action or doing or a state of being. The second part of this definition is important, as many belive that verbs are always action words that can be visualized. This is true of action verbs : run, walk, play, jump, sing, scream, etc. However, there are also linking verbs, and these types of verbs do not express action, instead, they express identity, classification, of existence. (the following are the most common linking verbs : is, am, was, were, are, and verb phrases ending in be, been, being.). Verbs chage form to show a difference in time. If you change a sentence from present to past, or past to present, the words which change are verbs. Complete verbs may include two or more verbs working together and consisting of a main verb and "helping verbs". The only words that can be helping verbs are :

• Can, could, will, would, shall, should, may, might, must -- (always helping verbs)
• Have, has, had, do, does, did, be, am, is, are, was, were, been, being -- (helping or main)

Types of verb

Transitive verb

Transitive verb are action verbs that always express doable activities. These verbs always have direct objects, meaning someone or something receives the action of the verb.

Example :

• Joe will send the quote as soon as he can.
• My friend read the newspaper.

Intransitive verb

Intrasitive verb are action verb that always express doable activities. No direct object follows an intrasitive verb. Intrasitive verb may be followed by an adverb ( a word that addresses how, where, when, and how often) or end a sentence.

Example :

• My father gave me a reason not to skip dinner every day.
• The players gave high fives to their teammates.

Stative verb

Stative verb are verb that express a state rather than an action. they usually relate to thoughts, emotions, relationships, senses, states of being and measurements. These verb are not usually used with ing in progressive (continuous) tenses even though they may take on time expressions such as now and at the moment.

Example :

• Paul feels rotten today. He has a bad cold
• Our client appreciated all the work we did for him.

 Adjective

Adjectives are words that describe or midify other words, making your writing and speaking much more specific, and a whole lot more interesting. Words like small, blue, and sharp are descriptive, and they are all examples of adjectives. Because adjectives are used to identify or quantify individual people and unique things, they are usually positioned before the noun or pronoun that they modify.

Comparative adjectives

As well as serving as modifying words like beautiful and big, adjectives are also used for indicating the position on a scale of comparison. The lowest point on the scale is known as the absolute form, the middle pont is know as the comparative form. When two objects or persons are being compared, the comparative form of the adjective is used. The comparative adjective can be formed in two ways :

• Adding- er to the absolute form of the adjective.
• Adding the word more before the adjective.

Example :

• This house is bigger than that one.
• He is more intelligent than this boy.

Order of adjective

In many languages, adjective denoting attributes usually occur in a specific order. Generally, the adjective order in English is :

• Quantity or number : articles, adverbs, and other limiters (e.g. three blind mice)
• Quality or opinion : postdeterminers and limiter adjectives (e.g real hero, a perfect idiot) and adjectives subject to subjective measure (e.g beautiful, interesting), or objects with a value (good, bad, costly).
• Size : adjectives denoting physical size (e.g tiny, big, extensive).
• Age : adjectives denoting age (e.g young, old, new, ancient, six-year-old).
• Shape : adjectives describing more detailed physical attributes than overall size ( e.g round, sharp, swollen)
• Color : adjectives denoting colour (e.g. red, black, pale).
• Purpose or qualifier : final limiter, sometimes regarded as part of the noun (e.g., rocking chair, hunting cabin, passenger car, book cover).
• Proper adjective (often nationality, other place of origin, or material)

Example :

• I love that really big old green antique car that always parked at the end of the street.
• My sister adopted a beautiful big white bulldog.

Adverb

An adverb is a word that is used to change or qualify the meaning of an adjective, a verb, a clause, another adverb, or any other type of word or phrase with the exception of determiners and adjectives that directly modify nouns. There are many rules for using adverbs, and these rules often depend upon which type of adverb you are using.

• Adverbs can always be used to modify verbs. Notice that the second of these two sentences is much more interesting simply because it contains an adverb: 
• The dog ran. (You can picture a dog running, but you don’t really know much more about the scene.)
• The dog ran excitedly. (You can picture a dog running, wagging its tail, panting happily, and looking glad to see its owner. You can paint a much more interesting picture in your head when you know how or why the dog is running.)

• Adverbs are often formed by adding the letters “-ly” to adjectives. This makes is very easy to identify adverbs in sentences. There are many exceptions to this rule; everywhere, nowhere, and upstairs are a few examples.
• An adverb can be used to modify an adjective and intensify the meaning it conveys. For example:
• He plays tennis well. (He knows how to play tennis and sometimes he wins.)
• He plays tennis extremely well. (He knows how to play tennis so well that he wins often.)

 

Many adverbs end in “-ly”. This makes it very easy to spot the adverbs in most sentences. 

• Abruptly 
• Boldly 
• Carefull 
• Deliberately 
• Excitedly

Some adverbs tell us where the action happened. These are known as adverbs of place. 

•  Everywhere 
• Here 
• Inside 
• There 
• Underground

Certain adverbs let us know when or how often the action happened. These are known as adverbs of time and adverbs of frequency. 

• After 
• Always 
• Before 
• Later 
• Now 

        Many adverbs tell us the extent of the action. 

• Almost 
• Enough
• So
• Too
• Quite

        Some adverbs are used as intensifiers. 

• Absolutely 
• Certain 
• Completely 
• Heartily 
• Really 

         Certain adverbs called adverbs of manner tell us about the way in which something was done. 

• Briskly 
• Cheerfully 
• Expectantly 
• Randomly 
• Willingly

Pronouns

In grammar, a pronoun is defined as a word or phrase that may be substituted for a noun or noun phrase, which once replaced, is known as the pronoun’s antecedent. How is this possible? In a nutshell, it’s because pronouns can do everything that nouns can do. A pronoun can act as a subject, direct object, indirect object, object of the preposition, and more. Without pronouns, we’d have to keep on repeating nouns, and that would make our speech and writing repetitive, not to mention cumbersome. Most pronouns are very short words. Examples include:

• He
• She
• They
• It
• We
• Who

Example :

• We are going on vacation. 
• Someone spilled orange juice all over the countertop.

 

 

REF :

Gingersoftware 

Wordsmile 

Grammar monster